Dictionary of Electricity and Armac Equipment Terms

Alternating Current (AC) is a type of electric current that changes direction at regular intervals. In household outlets, we most often encounter alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz (in Europe) and a voltage of 230V. Alternating current is the standard for powering most domestic and industrial appliances.

An acid battery is a traditional type of battery in which energy is stored in a liquid mixture of sulfuric acid and water. They are commonly used in vehicles and backup power systems. Despite their weight and need for regular maintenance, acid batteries offer high capacity and reliability.

AGM(Absorbent Glass Mat) is a technology used in VRLA batteries, where the electrolyte is absorbed by special fiberglass mats. This makes AGM batteries more resistant to shocks and leaks, making them ideal for use in uninterruptible power supplies and backup power systems.

An ampere (A) is the SI unit of measurement of electric current. It determines how much charge flows through a conductor in a unit of time. One ampere corresponds to the flow of one coulomb of charge per second. In the context of uninterruptible power supplies and batteries, amperage is key to determining a device's ability to deliver power to connected devices and charge batteries.

An ampere-hour (Ah) is a unit of measurement of electrical charge, indicating the capacity of a battery. One amp-hour means that a battery can deliver a current of one ampere for one hour. In the context of rechargeable batteries, a higher Ah value means a longer operating time for the device powered by a given battery.

An Anderson-type connector is a type of electrical connector used to quickly and securely connect power cables. It is characterized by high mechanical strength and reliability, which makes it widely used in UPS and battery systems.

The Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) is a device used in UPSs that stabilizes the supply voltage. When the line voltage is too low or too high, the AVR automatically regulates it to a safe level, protecting connected devices from damage. With AVR, electronic devices operate stably and without interruption, which is crucial when voltage fluctuations can affect the performance and life of equipment.

Battery self-test is a feature built into modern UPSs that automatically checks the state of charge and condition of batteries. Regular self-tests help detect potential battery problems before they are completely discharged or damaged, ensuring uninterrupted system operation. The self-test function also tells users how to keep the battery in top condition for the long term.

A gel battery is a type of lead-acid (also VRLA) battery in which the electrolyte is concentrated into a gel form. This makes them more resistant to leakage and allows them to operate in various positions. Gel batteries are often used in emergency power systems because of their reliability and durability.

A LiFePo4 (lithium-iron-phosphate) battery is a type of lithium battery that offers enhanced thermal and chemical stability. These properties make LiFePo4 batteries safer and longer-lasting, making them an ideal choice for UPS and industrial energy storage applications.

Lithium-ion batteries are batteries of the modern type that use lithium compounds as the electrode material. They are characterized by high energy density, long life cycle and low weight. They are widely used in consumer electronics and advanced emergency power systems.

A VRLA(Valve-RegulatedLead-Acid) battery is a type of lead-acid battery with valves that regulate internal pressure. This design minimizes the risk of leaks and allows operation in confined spaces. The most popular types of VRLA batteries on the market are AGM batteries (in which a fiberglass mat plays the role of electrolyte absorber) and gel batteries (in which the electrolyte is thickened into a gel). VRLAs are a popular choice in UPS and backup power systems.

A battery pack is a set of interconnected cells or batteries that provide power to electronic devices. In uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), battery packs increase back-up time, allowing equipment to run longer during power failures. Battery packs are interchangeable, allowing for easy maintenance and replacement of worn-out cells.

Bypass is a feature on UPSs that allows power to be diverted directly from the mains to connected devices, bypassing the UPS's internal circuitry. This is useful in the event of maintenance or failure of the UPS itself, as it ensures power continuity, for example, when replacing or installing additional battery-packs. The bypass can be manual or automatic, allowing the power source to be switched quickly without interrupting equipment operation.

Children's creativity in search of trouble knows no bounds... Child protection system is a mechanism that prevents children from accidentally accessing electrical outlets. It can take the form of physical locks that require force or a complicated movement, or special plugs that prevent objects other than power plugs, such as toys or screwdrivers, from being inserted into the outlet. This system is an important safety feature in homes with young children.

Frequency is the number of alternating current (AC) cycles per second, measured in hertz (Hz). The standard frequency in power grids is 50 Hz in Europe and 60 Hz in North America. The correct frequency is crucial for stable operation of electronic devices, and UPSs are designed to deliver current at the correct frequency.

The back-up time is the amount of time the UPS can supply battery power after a mains power outage. This time depends not only on the battery capacity, but also on the total load of the connected electrical devices. Longer backup time provides more time to safely shut down systems or switch to an alternative power source, protecting data from loss and equipment from damage.

Transfer time is the time it takes for a UPS to switch from mains to battery power in the event of a mains failure. It is usually measured in milliseconds (ms). Short transfer times minimize the risk of power outages and data loss, which is especially important for sensitive computer and electronic equipment. Online UPSs offer the best performance in this regard, providing zero transfer time.

Direct Current (DC) is a type of electric current that flows in one direction. It is commonly used in batteries, rechargeable batteries and some electronic devices. In UPSs, direct current is used to charge batteries and is converted to alternating current (AC) to power connected devices.

Joule (J) is the SI unit of energy measurement. It defines the amount of work done by one watt of power operating for one second. In the context of surge protection, the value in joules determines the amount of energy a device can absorb during a power surge, protecting connected equipment from damage.

The E-type socket (colloquial name: french or French socket) is a 230V electrical outlet standard used in many European countries, including France, Belgium, Poland and the Czech Republic. It is characterized by two round holes and an additional grounding pin. The E-type socket provides a safe and stable electrical connection for a variety of devices.

ECO mode is a feature of online UPSs that optimizes energy consumption by redirecting power directly from the grid to connected equipment, bypassing internal UPS systems when power quality is adequate. ECO mode reduces energy consumption and operating costs, while maintaining readiness to switch to battery power when network problems are detected.

Emergency Power Off (EPO) is a safety system that allows power to be cut off immediately in emergency situations. EPO is used in UPS installations to quickly and safely shut off power in the event of an emergency, such as a fire or system failure, minimizing the risk of damage to equipment and protecting people.

A noise filter is an electronic component used in power supplies and surge strips that eliminates electromagnetic and RF interference from the power supply. These filters protect connected equipment from harmful interference that can cause malfunctions, data errors and reduced equipment life.

The F-type socket, also known as a Schuko socket, is an electrical standard used in many European countries such as Germany, Austria, Spain and Sweden. It is characterized by two round holes and grounding in the form of metal springs on the sides of the socket. The F-type socket provides a solid connection and good electrical stability.

An inverter, also known as an inverter, is an electronic device that converts direct current (DC) from a battery into alternating current (AC) that can be used to power electrical equipment. Inverters are key components of UPS units, enabling them to provide stable power during grid outages.

A sine wave is an alternating current (AC) voltage waveform that is characterized by smooth, regular oscillations. A perfect sine wave is crucial to the proper operation of many electronic devices, as it provides stable power without interference. High-quality UPSs generate a full (otherwise pure) sine wave to protect sensitive equipment from damage.

An expansion slot is a connector found on UPSs and other electronic devices that allows the addition of additional modules or expansion cards. This can include communication modules, additional batteries or other components that increase the functionality and flexibility of the power system.

Hot-swap is a feature that allows components, such as batteries, to be replaced without shutting down the unit. In UPSs, hot-swap allows the replacement of dead batteries or the addition of battery packs, ensuring continuous operation and minimizing the risk of data loss.

Human Interface Device(also known as Human Input Device) is a class of peripheral devices that enable direct user interaction with a computer or other electronic system. HID devices include keyboards, mice, touchpads, gamepads, VR controllers, fingerprint scanners and touchscreens, among others. The HID standard, defined by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) organization, provides a uniform way for these devices to communicate with the computer, making them easy to install and configure without the need to install additional drivers. With HID, input devices can be instantly recognized by the operating system and ready for use(plug and play), increasing convenience and efficiency. HID is widely used in various fields, from personal computers to specialized systems in industry and medicine, where precise interaction with the computer is crucial.

Hz (hertz/Hertz) is the SI unit of frequency measurement, specifying the number of cycles per second. In the context of alternating current (AC), frequency in Hz indicates how many times per second the direction of current flow changes. Standard values are 50 Hz in Europe and 60 Hz in North America.

An IEC-type receptacle is an electrical connector standard defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). UPS and IT equipment most commonly use C13 (socket) and C14 (plug) type connectors. These connectors are commonly used to connect computer devices, switches and other electronic equipment to the power supply. UPSs above 3kVA use a C19 receptacle.

An inverter, also known as an inverter, is a device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). It is a key component of UPSs, as it enables the delivery of stable battery power to electronic devices during a grid failure. Inverters are also used in photovoltaic systems and other power applications.

Single-phase electricity is an electrical power system in which voltage is supplied through one phase wire and one neutral wire. It is the most common type of power supply in homes and small businesses. In UPSs, single-phase current is used to power most office and home appliances.

Battery classification refers to the different types and technologies of batteries used in UPS and other devices. It includes types such as lead-acid, AGM, gel, lithium-ion, and LiFePo4 batteries. Each type of battery has its own unique characteristics, such as capacity, service life, shock and temperature resistance, which determine its use.

The ingress protection class, referred to by the IP (Ingress Protection) designation, defines the degree of protection of the device against the ingress of foreign bodies and moisture. It consists of two digits: the first indicates protection against solids (e.g. dust) and the second against liquids (e.g. water). For example, IP65 means full protection against dust and protection against water spray.

Line-Interactive UPS is a type of uninterruptible power supply that constantly monitors the mains voltage and automatically adjusts its level in case of fluctuations, thanks to a built-in automatic voltage regulator (AVR). In the event of a power outage, the UPS switches to battery power. The Line-Interactive UPS offers greater stability and protection than basic offline models.

A surge power strip (or surge protector ) is an electrical device that protects the equipment connected to it from voltage spikes and surges. Equipped with built-in noise filters and surge protectors, the surge strip absorbs excess energy, protecting sensitive equipment from damage. It is a key component of security features in offices and homes.

This is a general term that refers to the power a device can deliver or process under standard operating conditions. In the case of UPS, nominal power is often referred to as the maximum power that a device can deliver to a load under normal operating conditions. Nominal power can be expressed in volt-amperes (VA) or kilovolt-amperes (kVA). In practice, users should pay attention to both nominal and rated power to ensure adequate

A battery module is a set of batteries (or Battery Pack in English) enclosed in a single housing, used as an energy backup unit in UPS units. Battery modules can be added or replaced to extend back-up time or renew the UPS system. These modules provide flexibility and scalability, allowing the UPS to adapt to changing power needs.

This is the maximum time the UPS takes to switch from mains to battery power in the event of a sudden power outage. It is measured in milliseconds (ms). Shorter switching times minimize the risk of interruptions to connected devices, which is crucial for systems sensitive to power loss.

Modbus is an open communication protocol used in industrial automation to transfer data between electronic devices. In UPSs, Modbus allows the monitoring and control of UPS operating parameters remotely via a computer network. This makes it possible to centrally manage and analyze data from multiple UPSs in a single management system. The most popular are: Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit), Modbus TCP/IP (Modbus TCP) and Modbus ASCII. It is useful to know exactly what type of Modbus communication a particular communication card allows, as they are not interchangeable and specific combinations require the use of an external converter, e.g. Modbus RTU to Modbus TCP IP.

Rated power is the maximum power that a device, such as a UPS, can deliver to connected loads for a specified period of time without exceeding its operating parameters. It is expressed in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW) and determines the UPS's ability to handle a specific load. Power rating is a key parameter when choosing a UPS, as it must match the requirements of the equipment being powered.

Input voltage is the voltage of electricity supplied to a UPS from the power grid. UPSs are designed to operate within a specific input voltage range to provide stable and safe power to connected equipment. Input voltage must be monitored to prevent overloads and damage to equipment. In the Polish grid, the standard input voltage is 230V.

Current intensity, measured in amperes (A), is a measure of the electrical charge flowing through a conductor per unit time. In the context of UPSs, amperage determines the device's ability to deliver the right amount of power to connected loads. Too high an amperage can lead to overheating and damage to the equipment.

Output voltage is the voltage of electricity supplied by the UPS to connected devices. The UPS provides a stable output voltage, even in the event of fluctuations in line voltage or power failures. High quality output voltage is crucial for the proper operation and protection of sensitive electronic devices.

Online, also known as double conversion, is a mode of UPS operation in which the current from the grid is first converted to direct current (DC) and then back to alternating current (AC). This process ensures the highest quality of power supply, eliminating all noise and voltage fluctuations. Online UPSs offer continuous and reliable power for the most sensitive and critical systems.

Overload is a condition in which devices connected to the UPS draw more power than the UPS can deliver. Overloading can lead to overheating and system failure. Modern UPSs use overload protection that automatically shuts off power or switches to bypass to protect equipment from damage.

Battery capacity, or battery capacity, is a measure of the amount of energy it can store and deliver in a given time, expressed in ampere hours (Ah) or milliampere hours (mAh). In the context of UPSs, battery capacity affects power backup time, which is the amount of time a UPS can deliver power during a mains failure.

A communication port is an interface that allows communication between the UPS and a computer or network. Popular communication ports include USB, RS-232 and RJ-45 network Ethernet ports, which allow the UPS to be monitored, managed and configured from a computer for better control of the UPS system.

Double conversion is a mode of UPS operation in which the current from the grid is first converted to direct current (DC) and then back to alternating current (AC). This process eliminates all noise and voltage fluctuations, ensuring the highest quality of power supply. Double-conversion UPSs offer continuous and reliable power for the most sensitive and critical systems.

A full sine wave is a waveform of electric current that is perfectly smooth and sinusoidal. It is the type of waveform generated by high-quality UPSs, providing stable and safe power for sensitive electronic devices such as servers and high-end audio equipment. The full sine-wave current is identical to that supplied by the power grid, which protects equipment from damage and ensures optimal operation even when switching to emergency power.

Noise level is a measure of the intensity of the sound emitted by a device, measured in decibels (dB). In the context of UPS and other electronic equipment, noise level refers to the sounds generated by cooling fans, transformers and other components. Lower noise levels are desirable in operating environments to ensure user comfort. Measuring noise levels is important for assessing a device's impact on the environment.

Overload protection is a mechanism that protects UPSs from overloading, which is when connected devices draw more power than the UPS can supply. When an overload occurs, the UPS automatically disconnects the excess load or switches to bypass, thus protecting equipment from damage and preventing overheating.

A PDU (Power Distribution Unit) is a device that distributes electrical power to various server and ICT devices in racks and other IT installations. Some PDUs allow you to manage and monitor power consumption to optimize power distribution and ensure safe and reliable power supply to all connected devices.

Power factor is a measure of how efficiently an appliance uses electricity. It determines the ratio of active (real) power to apparent power in an electric circuit. The value of the power factor ranges from 0 to 1, where a value of 1 means that all the supplied energy is used efficiently. A high power factor is desirable because it means less energy loss and more efficient use of power by equipment. The closer its value is to 1, the more efficiently the UPS operates.

Power Manager II is a UPS management software that allows users to monitor, control and manage UPS operating parameters from a computer. With Power Manager II, users can monitor battery status, log power events and configure UPS settings to ensure optimal UPS system performance.

Full (otherwise pure) sine wave PSW (Pure Sine Wave) is the term used to describe the ideal sine wave generated by some UPSs. A pure sine wave provides stable and safe power for sensitive electronic equipment such as computers, servers and audio/video equipment. UPSs with PSW protect equipment from interference and voltage fluctuations, extending the life of equipment.

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). In UPSs, the rectifier is used to charge batteries from AC power. Rectifier efficiency affects charging efficiency and battery life, which is crucial to the reliability of a UPS system.

Short-circuit protection is a function that protects against the effects of a short circuit, which can occur due to damage to wires or connected devices. In the event of a short circuit, the system quickly disconnects the power supply to prevent damage and minimize the risk of fire. Such protection is crucial for the safety of equipment and users.

Surge protection is a feature in UPSs and surge strips that protects connected equipment from sudden power surges. Such spikes can occur due to lightning, power grid failure or other disturbances. Surge protection systems absorb excess energy, minimizing the risk of damage to electronic equipment.

Waveform refers to the shape of the electric current voltage waveform. In UPSs, the waveform can be sine, square or modified sine. The highest power quality is provided by a pure sine wave, which is identical to the current supplied by the power grid, protecting sensitive equipment from interference.

A rack is a standard mounting system used to organize and manage ICT equipment in racks and server racks. The standard defines the dimensions and mounting of equipment such as servers, UPSs, network switches, routers and other IT equipment. Devices designed in accordance with the rack standard are modular and measured in U-height units (units), where 1U corresponds to a height of 1.75 inches (44.45 mm). Rack standardization enables efficient use of space, easy cable management and quick installation and maintenance of equipment. Racks also provide adequate cooling and access to equipment, which is key to maintaining the performance and reliability of ICT systems. The rack standard is widely used in data centers, server rooms and other professional IT environments.

The internal resistance of a battery is a measure of the resistance to current flow inside the battery. High resistance can indicate an aging or damaged battery, which affects performance and power backup time. Regular monitoring of the battery's internal resistance allows you to assess its condition and the need for replacement to ensure reliable UPS operation.

RJ11 and RJ45 are types of connectors used to connect telecommunications and network devices. RJ11 is most commonly used in telephony, while RJ45 is the standard connector in Ethernet networks. In UPSs, RJ11/RJ45 ports can be used to protect telephone and network lines from surges, ensuring safe and stable connections.

RS-232 is a communication standard for transferring data between electronic devices. In UPSs, the RS-232 port allows connection to a computer to monitor and manage UPS operating parameters. RS-232 is a reliable and widely used interface in various industrial and computer applications.

A battery string is a series of battery cells or ranks (with the same total DC voltage) connected in parallel, forming a power system with higher capacity than a single battery string. In UPSs, battery strings are used to increase back-up time and provide adequate output voltage. The configuration of battery strings allows the power system to be scalable, which is particularly useful in large installations requiring long-term backup power.

The efficiency of an appliance, expressed as a percentage (%), is a measure of how efficiently an appliance converts input energy into useful output energy. The higher the efficiency, the less energy is lost as heat or other losses. In UPSs, high efficiency means more efficient energy management, which translates into lower operating costs and reduced energy consumption. Taking care of equipment efficiency is key to optimizing the performance of an uninterruptible power supply system.

Mounting rails are structural components used for installing and fixing electronic equipment, such as UPSs, in rack cabinets. Rails make it easy to mount, remove and move equipment, ensuring stability and proper placement of equipment within the IT infrastructure. With mounting rails, servicing and expansion of systems become more efficient.

Schuko is a common type of electrical outlet (F), officially designated as CEE 7/3 (socket) and CEE 7/4 (plug). It is widely used in Europe, in countries such as Germany, Austria and the Netherlands. Schuko sockets are equipped with two round pins and metal grounding springs on the sides, ensuring a safe and stable electrical connection. Schuko is prized for its robustness and reliability, as well as its ease of use.

A simulated sine wave, also known as an approximated sine wave, is a type of current wave produced by some UPS units. Although not as smooth and accurate as a full sine wave, a simulated sine wave is good enough for many electronic devices, such as computers and office equipment. Simulated sine wave UPSs tend to be less expensive, making them an attractive choice for less sensitive applications.

SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol) is a protocol used to manage and monitor devices in computer networks. In the context of UPSs, SNMP allows you to remotely monitor the status of a power supply, manage its parameters and receive notifications of events such as power failures. With SNMP, administrators can centrally manage multiple power supply devices, increasing network efficiency and security.

Stand-by, also known as standby or offline mode, is the primary mode of UPS operation in which the unit monitors line voltage and automatically switches to battery power in the event of a power outage. In stand-by mode, the UPS does not regulate the voltage, but only supplies power at the time of an outage. This is a simpler and cheaper power protection system, suitable for less critical applications.

A voltage spike, also known as a surge, is a sudden increase in voltage on the electrical grid that can damage connected devices. Voltage spikes can be caused by lightning, power grid failures or other disturbances. Protection against voltage spikes is crucial to the safety of electronic equipment. UPSs and surge strips are equipped with protection mechanisms that absorb excess energy and protect devices from damage.

A battery terminal is an electrical connection point for connecting batteries to a power system. Terminals are key to the safe and efficient transfer of power from the battery to the UPS or other equipment. High-quality terminals provide a solid connection, minimizing energy loss and the risk of short circuits.

Three-phase current is an electrical power system that uses three phase wires, offset from each other by 120 degrees. It is the standard power system for large industrial and commercial installations, enabling efficient transmission of high power. Three-phase UPSs provide stable and reliable power for large server rooms, data centers and other critical systems.

Topology in the context of UPSs refers to the internal architecture of an uninterruptible power supply system. The main types of topology are offline (stand-by), line-interactive and online (double conversion). Each topology differs in the way it converts and regulates voltage, which affects power quality and the level of protection against disturbances. Choosing the right topology depends on the specific needs and requirements of the application.

Tower is a design of UPS enclosure that is placed vertically, similar to a tower type desktop computer. This type of enclosure is mainly used in small and medium-sized businesses and offices, where the UPS is placed directly next to the protected equipment. Tower UPSs are easy to install and maintain, offering flexible backup power solutions.

A transformer is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) voltage from one level to another by means of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. It consists of two windings: primary and secondary, wound on a common core. Transformers are key components of UPSs, enabling them to match the voltage to the requirements of connected devices, thus ensuring stable and safe power supply.

Grounding is the connection of an electrical device to earth for safety and surge protection. Grounding dissipates excess energy to earth, preventing damage to equipment and minimizing the risk of electrocution. In UPS and other equipment, grounding is an essential part of the protection system.

U (unit) is a unit of height measurement used in rack cabinets to determine the size of equipment mounted in data communication cabinets. 1U corresponds to a height of 1.75 inches (44.45 mm). Devices such as servers, UPSs and network switches are designed in different U heights, enabling efficient rack space management.

Unischuko is a hybrid electrical outlet that combines the features of a Schuko-type outlet (type F) and a French grounding pin outlet (type E). By Unischuko we also mean a plug that is compatible with sockets of both types mentioned. Unischuko is designed to be compatible with plugs of both types, providing greater versatility and flexibility in use. It is often used in power supply equipment, such as UPSs, to ensure wide compatibility with different power systems.

USB(Universal Serial Bus) is a communication standard and connector used to transfer data and power between electronic devices. On UPSs, USB-B ports allow monitoring the status of the power supply, managing settings and transmitting control signals to connected computers. USB is widely used because of its versatility and ease of use.

Volt (V) is the SI unit of measurement of electrical voltage. Electrical voltage is the difference in electrical potential between two points. In UPSs, voltage is a key parameter that determines the device's ability to deliver adequate power to connected loads. A stable voltage is essential for the proper functioning of electronic equipment.

A volt-ampere (VA) is a unit of measurement of apparent power in an alternating current (AC) system. Apparent power is the sum of active (real) power and reactive power that a UPS must supply to connected equipment. VA is an important parameter when choosing a UPS because it determines the total load the unit can handle.

VI(Voltage Independent) and VFI(Voltageand Frequency Independent) are classifications of UPS topologies. VI refers to a line-interactive power supply that automatically regulates line voltage and switches to the battery in the event of a failure. VFI refers to double-conversion online power supplies that independently regulate voltage and frequency to provide the highest quality power supply. VFI offers the best protection for the most critical systems.

VRLA(Valve-RegulatedLead-Acid) is a type of lead-acid battery with valves that regulate internal pressure. The VRLA design minimizes the risk of leakage and allows for operation in confined spaces. VRLA batteries are commonly used in UPS units because of their reliability, ease of maintenance and long life. The most common types of VRLA batteries are AGM and gel batteries.

ICT height, expressed in U (units), is the standard measure used in rack cabinets to determine the height of mounted equipment. 1U corresponds to a height of 1.75 inches (44.45 mm). Equipment such as servers, UPSs and network switches are designed in a variety of U heights for efficient space management and equipment organization in rack cabinets.

Watts (W) is the SI unit of measurement for active power, which describes the amount of work done by an electric current in a unit of time. Wattage is a key parameter in UPS specifications, as it determines the device's ability to deliver power to connected loads. Higher wattage means greater ability to handle the load.

The battery module connector is an interface for connecting additional battery modules with the UPS. This connector ensures safe and efficient power transfer between the battery modules and the UPS. With the battery module connectors, it is possible to extend the power backup time, which increases the flexibility and scalability of the UPS system.

Cold-start is a feature of UPSs that allows the unit to start from battery power without being connected to the mains. This is useful in emergency situations when access to mains power is limited or unavailable. Cold-start provides flexibility and reliability, allowing operation to continue even during a power failure.

Protection features on UPSs include a range of functions that protect equipment from various electrical hazards. These include surge, overload, short-circuit and thermal protection. Surge protection protects against voltage spikes, overload protection prevents overloading, and short-circuit protection protects against short circuits. These protections guarantee stable and safe operation of the power supply and connected devices

A UPS(Uninterruptible Power Supply) is a device that provides continuous power to connected loads in the event of a power grid failure. The UPS monitors line voltage and automatically switches to battery power when needed. Uninterruptible power supplies protect against data loss, interruptions and damage to equipment caused by sudden power outages or surges.